Actual Questions of Modern Gynecology and Perinatology

The value of extragenital diseases in premature births

J.F. Gurbanova — 2024-12-09

The article discusses the importance of extrage nital pathology in preterm birth (PB). Addressing the problem of PB worldwide is essential to reducing neonatal and child mortality. Summarizing extrage nital diseases in a woman with PB, it should benoted: endocrinopathy, infectious and inflammatory disea ses in the acute phase; diseases of the cardiovascular system; diabetes mellitus of all types; surgical inter ventions during pregnancy performed on the pelvic organs and abdominal surface; self-medication with the use of medicines; physical age of women.

Impact of energy balance on polycystic ovary syndrome

Besarion Tkeshelashvili — 2024-12-09

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age , affecting one in five women worldwide . Overweight and obesity increase the prevalence of PCOS, which together with dyslipidemia is considered to be the dominant feature in 40 to 60% of cases. Diagnostic criteria include irregular menstruation, androgen excess, and/or polycystic ovaries, with long-term consequences being hyperinsulinemia and infertility. Many studies suggest that metformine and oral contraceptive combinations are commonly prescribed to alleviate reproductive complaints; However, for overweight and obese patients planning pregnancy, weight loss of 5 to 10% through lifestyle modification is recommended as first-line treatment .

Biomarkers of bacterial vaginosis: analytical review

T.F. Jafarova — 2024-12-09

The microbiome of healthy female genital tracts is dominated by bacteria that produce lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which contribute to a low phlewel and thereby provide protection against infectious diseases. Changes in the bacterial composition of the vaginal microbiome contribute to the development of bacterial vaginosis. Pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis may develop chorioamnionitis, premature rupture of membranes, and preterm labor. Clinical and microscopic methods and traditionally used to diagnose BV. Hoewer, these methods require time, qualified personnel and are characterized by low sensitivity and specificity. Modern diagnostic methods based on the identification of new biomarkers can significantly improve the diagnosis of BV. The analytical review discusses promising directions in the laboratory diagnosis of BV. In addition, computer algorithms (artificial intelligence) can be used to automate the diagnosis of BV based on microscopy results.

Gestational diabetes: recent events, contradictions and prospects for the future

Aydan Aslanova — 2024-12-09

The purpose of the article is to review the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and treatment methods for gestational diabetes mellitus (GSD). Such questions as the importance of early detection of gestational diabetes, modern conflicting approaches to diagnosis (one-stage and two-stage diagnostic methods), the influence of GSD on pregnancy outcomes are considered here.The article also pays attention to the recommendations of international medical societies (WHO, IADPS, ACOG, ADA, etc.) and new diagnostic approaches, such as biomarkers. According to the study, gestational diabetes can be controlled with effective lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions. Early detection and development of individual approaches to treatment are important for improving the long-term complications of GSD. Future studies should fill in the gaps regarding the effectiveness of early screening and treatment methods.

New approaches in the treatment and prfoilaxis of osteoporosis

A.F. Amirova — 2024-12-09

Osteoporosis has been defined as the silent disease of the 21st century, becoming a public health risk due to its severity, chronicity and progression and affecting mainly postmenopausal women and older adults. Osteoporosis is characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone pro duction. It is diagnosed through different methods such as bone densitometry and dual X-rays. The treatment of this pathology focuses on different aspects. On the one hand, pharmacological treat ments are characterized by the use of anti-resorptive drugs, as well as emerging regenerative medicine treatments such as cell therapies and the use of bioactive hydrogels. On the other hand, non-phar macological treatments are associated with lifestyle habits that should be incorporated, such as physical activity, diet and the cessation of harmful habits such as a high consumption of alcohol or smoking. This review seeks to provide an overview of the theoreti cal basis in relation to bone biology, the existing methods for diagnosis and the treatments of osteopo rosis, including the development of new strategies.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of the covid-19 coronavirus infection in pregnant women

P.N.Mikayılzade — 2024-12-09

The coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains one of the most significant global healthcare challenges [1-10]. COVID-19 has affected all aspects of modern society, from economic consequences to profound changes in healthcare systems and social structures. The relevance of studying the coronavirus infection is based on several important reasons. First, COVID-19 is characterized by its high transmission rate, leading to large outbreaks, which necessitates a detailed study of transmission methods and control measures. It should be noted that coronavirus infection affects various systems of the body, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. Second, the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic cases to severe forms with fatal outcomes, making it essential to thoroughly investigate both the pathogenesis and risk factors.

Prognostic algorithm of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

I.I.Huseynova — 2024-12-09

In order to create a prognostic algorithm for the course of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants, 88 preterm infants with suspected of NEC were included in our study. All children underwent cerebral and splanchnic oximetry using the method of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).The content of claudine-3 in urine was determined in 69 children by the ELISA method. Lactate levels were also studied in these children for predicting of mortality. The analysis of the results showed that the model, being an algorithm for predicting and monitoring patients with NEC, improves early diagnosis, timely treatment, as well as disease prediction, which helps to reduce mortality.

Optimal approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of adenomyosis

Huseynova Flora — 2024-12-09

Adenomyosis is a serious and debilitating disease that profoundly affects women's quality of life and reproductive function. Adenomyosis is one of the common benign diseases of the uterus, and patients may present with symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and infertility. Treatment can be medical and surgical. Hormonal drugs represent the first-line therapy of adenomyosis, and are highly effective in reducing symptoms and uterine volume. In cases where medical therapy is ineffective, surgical treatment may be offered. In surgical treatment, hysterectomy remains the only definitive treatment available, but in recent decades, uterine-preserving surgical treatment has become more common. On the other hand, surgical-conservative treatment of adenomyosis is very effective in reducing uterine volume while improving abnormal uterine bleeding and pelvic pain. Because adenomyosis is often found together with other forms of endometriosis, cytoreductive surgery can be very complicated, therefore, it should be performed primarily by experienced surgeons in specialized centers.

The role of immune regulation and immunomodulation of the endometrium in the prevention of recurrent implantation disorders and miscarriages

J.F. Gurbanova — 2024-12-09

Infertility affects 8 to 12% of couples in the world who are of reproductive age; of these, half seek medical help, and the other 22% undergo fertility treatments. An annual total of ART cycles are conducted because to the rising prevalence of infertility; 15% of patients have repeated implantation failures. As reported by ESHRE in 2018, the live birth rate (LBR) at the third attempt was 20.3% and 17.2% at the fourth attempt [1,2]. Human implantation is a three-stage process, including apposition, adhesion, and invasion. During the apposition phase, the blastocyst contacts the endometrium, mediated by adhesion molecules. The endometrium undergoes changes to prepare for implantation, providing nutrients and support. The apposition and adhesion phase is crucial for successful implantation. Invasion occurs during the adhesion phase of implantation, where the blastocyst interacts with the endometrial surface, triggering inflammatory-like responses. This interaction triggers a cascade of events, including cytokines and chemokines, leading to the attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium. This inflammatory response prepares for human invasion, involving the formation of endovascular extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs).

Central placenta previa – a relevant medical-social Problem of modern society

A.A.Qasımova — 2024-12-09

Placenta previa, from the Latin "prae" meaning "in front" and "via" meaning "on the way," refers to an abnormal placement of the placenta. Historically, the term "placenta previa" was first described in the 16th century by Hippocrates, who also identified various forms of placental location . In 1685, French physician Paul Portal documented a clinical case of placenta previa. It is widely recognized that placenta previa is defined as the complete or partial covering of the cervical os by the placenta .