Gestational diabetes: recent events, contradictions and prospects for the future
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to review the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and treatment methods for gestational diabetes mellitus (GSD). Such questions as the importance of early detection of gestational diabetes, modern conflicting approaches to diagnosis (one-stage and two-stage diagnostic methods), the influence of GSD on pregnancy outcomes are considered here.The article also pays attention to the recommendations of international medical societies (WHO, IADPS, ACOG, ADA, etc.) and new diagnostic approaches, such as biomarkers. According to the study, gestational diabetes can be controlled with effective lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions. Early detection and development of individual approaches to treatment are important for improving the long-term complications of GSD. Future studies should fill in the gaps regarding the effectiveness of early screening and treatment methods.
References
Vince K, Perković P, Matijević R. What is known and what remains unresolved regarding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). J Perinat Med. 2020 Oct 25;48(8):757–63.
Zera CA, Seely EW. Controversies in Gestational Diabetes. touchREV Endocrinol. 2021 Nov;17(2):102-107.
Moon JH, Jang HC. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications. Diabetes Metab J. 2022 Jan 31;46(1):3–14.
Magliano D, Boyko EJ. IDF diabetes atlas. 10th edition. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2021.
Silva CM, Arnegard ME, Maric-Bilkan C. Dysglycemia in Pregnancy and Maternal/Fetal Outcomes. J Womens Health. 2021 Feb 1;30(2):187–93.
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention - UpToDate.
Karami M, Mousavi SH, Rafiee M, Heidari R, Shahrokhi SZ. Biochemical and molecular biomarkers: unraveling their role in gestational diabetes mellitus. DiabetolMetabSyndr. 2023 Jan 11;15(1):5.
Diabetes Facts and Figures | International Diabetes Federation.
Ramezani Tehrani F, Naz MSG, Yarandi RB, Behboudi-Gandevani S. The Impact of Diagnostic Criteria for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Adverse Maternal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 9;10(4):666.
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010 Mar 1;33(3):676–82.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; Summary of Revisions: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S5–S10.
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb 1;131(2):e49–64.
Berger H, Gagnon R, Sermer M. Guideline No. 393-Diabetes in Pregnancy. J ObstetGynaecol Can. 2019 Dec;41(12):1814-1825.e1.
US Preventive Services Task Force, Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. Screening for Gestational Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021 Aug 10;326(6):531.
shekerlidiabet2021.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 1]. Available from: https://isim.az/upload/File/reports/shekerlidiabet2021.pdf
NICE 2020. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG3.
Raets L, Beunen K, Benhalima K. Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Early Pregnancy: What Is the Evidence? J Clin Med. 2021 Mar 18;10(6):1257.
Bhattacharya S, Nagendra L, Krishnamurthy A, Lakhani OJ, Kapoor N, Kalra B, et al. Early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Strategies and Clinical Implications. Med Sci. 2021 Sep 23;9(4):59.
Minschart C, Beunen K, Benhalima K. An Update on Screening Strategies for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review. Diabetes MetabSyndrObes Targets Ther. 2021 Jul;Volume 14:3047–76.
Di Filippo D, Wanniarachchi T, Wei D, Yang JJ, Mc Sweeney A, Havard A, et al. The diagnostic indicators of gestational diabetes mellitus from second trimester to birth: a systematic review. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Oct 11;7(1):19.
Ruszała M, Niebrzydowska M, Pilszyk A, Kimber-Trojnar Ż, Trojnar M, Leszczyńska-Gorzelak B. Novel Biomolecules in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 27;22(21):11578.
Gu ZJ, Song QJ, Gu WQ, Zhang GP, Su Y, Tang Y, Wang MF, Guo Y, Wu WM, Chen J. New approaches in the diagnosis and prognosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023 Nov;27(21):10583-10594.
Lu W, Hu C. Molecular biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum diabetes. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022 Aug 20;135(16):1940–51.
